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Was There Anyone Besides Noah's Family Alive After the Flood

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Genealogy of the sons of Noah in Genesis

The Generations of Noah or Table of Nations, broadly referred to every bit Origines Gentium,[1] is a genealogy of the sons of Noah, according to the Hebrew Bible (Genesis 10:ix), and their dispersion into many lands after the Flood,[2] focusing on the major known societies. The term nations to describe the descendants is a standard English translation of the Hebrew word "goyim", following the c. 400 CE Latin Vulgate's "nationes", and does not accept the same political connotations that the word entails today.[iii]

The list of 70 names introduces for the first time several well-known ethnonyms and toponyms important to biblical geography,[iv] such as Noah'southward three sons Shem, Ham and Japheth, from which 18th century German language scholars at the Göttingen School of History derived the race terminology Semites, Hamites and Japhetites. Sure of Noah's grandsons were also used for names of peoples: from Elam, Ashur, Aram, Cush, and Canaan were derived respectively the Elamites, Assyrians, Arameans, Cushites, and Canaanites. As well, from the sons of Canaan: Heth, Jebus, and Amorus were derived Hittites, Jebusites, and Amorites. Further descendants of Noah include Eber – from Shem (from whom come the "Hebrews"); the hunter-king Nimrod – from Cush; and the Philistines – from Misrayim.

As Christianity spread beyond the Roman Empire, it carried the idea that all people were descended from Noah. Just the tradition of Hellenistic Jewish identifications of the ancestry of various peoples, which concentrates very much on the Eastern Mediterranean and the Ancient Near East (described below), became stretched and its historicity questioned.[ citation needed ] Not all Near Eastern people were covered, and Northern European peoples important to the Late Roman and Medieval world, such as the Celtic, Slavic, Germanic, and Nordic peoples were not covered, nor were others of the world's peoples, such as sub-Saharan Africans, Native Americans, and peoples of Primal Asia, the Indian subcontinent, the Far Due east, and Australasia. Scholars derived a variety of arrangements to brand the table fit, with for case the Scythians, which practise feature in the tradition, existence claimed as the ancestors of much of northern Europe.[v]

According to Joseph Blenkinsopp, the 70 names in the list limited symbolically the unity of humanity, corresponding to the 70 descendants of State of israel who get down into Egypt with Jacob at Genesis 46:27 and the lxx elders of Israel who visit God with Moses at the covenant ceremony in Exodus 24:1–9.[half dozen]

Table of Nations [edit]

On the family unit pedigrees contained in the biblical pericope of Noah, Saadia Gaon (882‒942) wrote:

The Scriptures have traced the patronymic lineage of the seventy nations to the three sons of Noah, as also the lineage of Abraham and Ishmael, and of Jacob and Esau. The blessed Creator knew that men would detect solace at knowing these family pedigrees, since our soul demands of us to know them, so that [all of] mankind will be held in fondness past usa, every bit a tree that has been planted by God in the world, whose branches have spread out and dispersed eastward and westward, northward and southward, in the habitable role of the earth. It as well has the dual function of allowing us to come across the multitude as a unmarried individual, and the single individual as a multitude. Along with this, human being ought to contemplate too on the names of the countries and of the cities [wherein they settled]."[7]

Maimonides, echoing the same sentiments, wrote that the genealogy of the nations contained in the Law has the unique function of establishing a principle of religion, how that, although from Adam to Moses there was no more than a span of two-chiliad five hundred years, and the human race was already spread over all parts of the earth in dissimilar families and with unlike languages, they were still people having a common ancestor and place of starting time.[viii]

Volume of Genesis [edit]

Noah dividing the globe betwixt his sons. Anonymous painter; Russia, 18th century

Chapters 1–11 of the Book of Genesis are structured around 5 toledot statements ("these are the generations of..."), of which the "generations of the sons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth" is the fourth. Events before the Genesis overflowing narrative, the central toledot, correspond to those after: the mail-Flood world is a new creation corresponding to the Genesis creation narrative, and Noah had three sons who populated the world. The correspondences extend forward as well: there are seventy names in the Table, corresponding to the 70 Israelites who go down into Arab republic of egypt at the end of Genesis and to the 70 elders of Israel who go up the mountain at Sinai to meet with God in Exodus. The symbolic force of these numbers is underscored by the way the names are ofttimes bundled in groups of seven, suggesting that the Table is a symbolic means of implying universal moral obligation.[9] The number 70 too parallels Canaanite mythology, where 70 represents the number of gods in the divine clan who are each assigned a subject people, and where the supreme god El and his consort, Asherah, has the title "Mother/Father of 70 gods", which, due to the coming of monotheism, had to be inverse, but its symbolism lived on in the new faith.[ citation needed ]

The overall structure of the Table is:

  • 1. Introductory formula, five.ane
  • 2. Japheth, vv.2–5
  • iii. Ham, vv.six–xx
  • 4. Shem, vv.21–31
  • 5. Concluding formula, 5.32.[x]

The overall principle governing the assignment of various peoples inside the Tabular array is difficult to discern: it purports to depict all humankind, but in reality restricts itself to the Egyptian lands of the due south, the Mesopotamian lands, and Anatolia/Asia Modest and the Ionian Greeks, and in addition, the "sons of Noah" are not organized by geography, linguistic communication family or ethnic groups within these regions.[11] The Table contains several difficulties: for instance, the names Sheba and Havilah are listed twice, starting time as descendants of Cush the son of Ham (verse vii), and so as sons of Joktan, the great-grandsons of Shem, and while the Cushites are North African in verses 6–7 they are unrelated Mesopotamians in verses x–14.[12]

The appointment of composition of Genesis 1–11 cannot be stock-still with any precision, although it seems likely that an early cursory nucleus was later expanded with actress data.[thirteen] Portions of the Table itself 'may' derive from the 10th century BCE, while others reflect the 7th century BCE and priestly revisions in the 5th century BCE.[2] Its combination of world review, myth and genealogy corresponds to the work of the Greek historian Hecataeus of Miletus, agile c.520 BCE.[xiv]

Book of Chronicles [edit]

I Chronicles 1 includes a version of the Tabular array of Nations from Genesis, but edited to brand clearer that the intention is to constitute the groundwork for Israel. This is done by condensing various branches to focus on the story of Abraham and his offspring. Most notably, it omits Genesis ten:9–14, in which Nimrod, a son of Cush, is linked to diverse cities in Mesopotamia, thus removing from Cush whatsoever Mesopotamian connection. In addition, Nimrod does non appear in any of the numerous Mesopotamian King Lists.[15]

Book of Jubilees [edit]

The Table of Nations is expanded upon in detail in capacity 8–9 of the Book of Jubilees, sometimes known as the "Lesser Genesis," a piece of work from the early 2d Temple flow.[16] Jubilees is considered pseudepigraphical past almost Christian and Jewish denominations only thought to accept been held in regard by many of the Church Fathers.[17] Its division of the descendants throughout the world are thought to take been heavily influenced by the "Ionian world map" described in the Histories of Herodotus,[18] and the anomalous treatment of Canaan and Madai are thought to have been "propaganda for the territorial expansion of the Hasmonean state".[xix]

Septuagint version [edit]

The Hebrew bible was translated into Greek in Alexandria at the request of Ptolemy Two, who reigned over Egypt 285–246 BCE.[twenty] Its version of the Tabular array of Nations is essentially the aforementioned as that in the Hebrew text, but with the following differences:

  • Information technology lists Elisa equally an extra son of Japheth, giving him eight instead of seven, while standing to list him too as a son of Javan, as in the Masoretic text.
  • Whereas the Hebrew text lists Shelah equally the son of Arpachshad in the line of Shem, the Septuagint has a Cainan as the son of Arpachshad and begetter of Shelah – the Book of Jubilees gives considerable scope to this effigy. Cainan appears again at the end of the list of the sons of Shem.
  • Obal, Joktan's eighth son in the Masoretic text, does non appear.[21]

one Peter [edit]

In the First Epistle of Peter, 3:xx, the author says that 8 righteous persons were saved from the Great Inundation, referring to the four named males, and their wives aboard Noah'south Ark non enumerated elsewhere in the Bible.

Sons of Noah: Shem, Ham and Japheth [edit]

1823 map by Robert Wilkinson (see besides 1797 version here). Prior to the mid-19th century, Shem was associated with all of Asia, Ham with all of Africa and Japheth with all of Europe.

The Genesis flood narrative tells how Noah and his three sons Shem, Ham, and Japheth, together with their wives, were saved from the Deluge to repopulate the Earth.

  • Shem's descendants: Genesis chapter x verses 21–30 gives one list of descendants of Shem. In chapter eleven verses 10–26 a second list of descendants of Shem names Abraham and thus the Arabs and Israelites.[22] In the view of some 17th-century European scholars (e.chiliad., John Webb), the Native American peoples of N and South America, eastern Persia and "the Indias" descended from Shem,[23] possibly through his descendant Joktan.[24] [25] Some modern creationists place Shem as the progenitor of Y-chromosomal haplogroup IJ, and hence haplogroups I (common in northern Europe) and J (mutual in the Centre East).[26]
  • Ham's descendants: The forefather of Cush, Egypt, and Put, and of Canaan, whose lands include portions of Africa. The Ancient Australians and ethnic people of New Guinea have as well been tied to Ham.[27] [28] The etymology of his name is uncertain; some scholars have linked information technology to terms connected with divinity, but a divine or semi-divine status for Ham is unlikely.[29]
  • Japheth's descendants: His name is associated with the mythological Greek Titan Iapetos, and his sons include Javan, the Greek-speaking cities of Ionia.[30] In Genesis nine:27 it forms a pun with the Hebrew root yph: "May God make room [the hiphil of the yph root] for Japheth, that he may live in Shem'southward tents and Canaan may be his slave."[31]

Based on an onetime Jewish tradition contained in the Aramaic Targum of pseudo-Jonathan ben Uzziel,[32] an anecdotal reference to the Origines gentium in Genesis 10:2–ff has been passed downwards, and which, in i course or some other, has also been relayed by Josephus in his Antiquities,[33] repeated in the Talmud,[34] and further elaborated by medieval Jewish scholars, such as in works written by Saadia Gaon,[35] Josippon,[36] and Don Isaac Abarbanel,[37] who, based on their own knowledge of the nations, showed their migratory patterns at the fourth dimension of their compositions:

"The sons of Japheth are Gomer,[38] and Magog,[39] and Madai,[forty] and Javan,[41] and Tuval,[42] and Meshech[43] and Tiras,[44] while the names of their diocese are Africa proper,[45] and Germania,[46] and Media, and Macedonia, and Bithynia,[47] and Moesia (var. Mysia) and Thrace. Now, the sons of Gomer were Ashkenaz,[48] and Rifath[49] and Togarmah,[50] while the names of their diocese are Asia,[51] and Parthia and the 'state of the barbarians.' The sons of Javan were Elisha,[52] and Tarshish,[53] Kitim[54] and Dodanim,[55] while the names of their diocese are Elis,[56] and Tarsus, Achaia[57] and Dardania." ---Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis 10:2–v

"The sons of Ḥam are Kūš, and Miṣrayim,[58] and Fūṭ (Phut),[59] and Kenaʻan,[threescore] while the names of their diocese are Arabia, and Egypt, and Elīḥerūq[61] and Canaan. The sons of Kūš are Sebā[62] and Ḥawīlah[63] and Savtah[64] and Raʻamah and Savteḫā,[65] [while the sons of Raʻamah are Ševā and Dedan].[66] The names of their diocese are called Sīnīrae,[67] and Hīndīqī,[68] Samarae,[69] Lūbae,[seventy] Zinğae,[71] while the sons of Mauretinos[72] are [the inhabitants of] Zemarğad and [the inhabitants of] Mezağ."[73] ---Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis 10:vi–7

"The sons of Shem are Elam,[74] and Ashur,[75] and Arphaxad,[76] and Lud,[77] and Aram.[78] [And the children of Aram are these: Uz,[79] and Hul,[lxxx] and Gether,[81] and Brew.[82]] Now, Arphaxad begat Shelah (Salah), and Shelah begat Eber.[83] Unto Eber were built-in two sons, the one named Peleg,[84] since in his days the [nations of the] earth were divided, while the name of his blood brother is Joktan.[85] Joktan begat Almodad, who measured the earth with ropes;[86] Sheleph, who drew out the waters of rivers;[87] and Hazarmaveth,[88] and Jerah,[89] and Hadoram,[90] and Uzal,[91] and Diklah,[92] and Obal,[93] and Abimael,[94] and Sheba,[90] [95] and Ophir,[96] and Havilah,[97] and Jobab,[98] all of whom are the sons of Joktan."[99] ---Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis 10: 22–28

Problems with identification [edit]

Because of the traditional grouping of people based on their alleged descent from the three major biblical progenitors (Shem, Ham, and Japheth) by the three Abrahamic religions, in old years there was an endeavour to classify these family unit groups and to carve up humankind into iii races called Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid (originally named "Ethiopian"), terms which were introduced in the 1780s past members of the Göttingen School of History.[100] It is now recognized that determining precise descent-groups based strictly on patrilineal descent is problematic, owing to the fact that nations are not stationary. People are often multi-lingual and multi-ethnic, and people sometimes migrate from one land to some other[101] - whether voluntarily or involuntarily. Some nations take intermingled with other nations and can no longer trace their paternal descent,[102] or have alloyed and abandoned their mother's tongue for another language. In improver, phenotypes cannot always be used to determine one'southward ethnicity because of interracial marriages. A nation today is defined as "a big aggregate of people inhabiting a particular territory united by a common descent, history, civilization, or language." The biblical line of descent is irrespective of linguistic communication,[103] place of nativity,[104] or cultural influences, every bit all that is bounden is i's patrilineal line of descent.[105] For these reasons, attempting to determine precise blood relation of any ane grouping in today's Modern Age may prove futile. Sometimes people sharing a mutual patrilineal descent spoke two separate languages, whereas, at other times, a linguistic communication spoken by a people of mutual descent may have been learnt and spoken by multiple other nations of different descent.

Another problem associated with determining precise descent-groups based strictly on patrilineal descent is the realization that, for some of the prototypical family groups, certain sub-groups accept sprung forth, and are considered diverse from each other (such as Ismael, the progenitor of the Arab nations, and Isaac, the progenitor of the Israelite nation, although both family groups are derived from Shem's patrilineal line through Eber. The full number of other sub-groups, or splinter groups, each with its distinct language and civilisation is unknown.

Ethnological interpretations [edit]

Identifying geographically-defined groups of people in terms of their biblical lineage, based on the Generations of Noah, has been common since antiquity.

The early modernistic biblical division of the world's "races" into Semites, Hamites and Japhetites was coined at the Göttingen School of History in the belatedly 18th century – in parallel with the color terminology for race which divided mankind into v colored races ("Caucasian or White", "Mongolian or Yellow", "Aethiopian or Black", "American or Ruddy" and "Malayan or Brown").

[edit]

At that place exist various traditions in post-biblical and talmudic sources claiming that Noah had children other than Shem, Ham, and Japheth who were built-in before the Deluge.

According to the Quran (Hud 42–43), Noah had another unnamed son who refused to come up aboard the Ark, instead preferring to climb a mountain, where he drowned. Some later Islamic commentators give his name as either Yam or Kan'an.[106]

According to Irish mythology, equally institute in the Annals of the Four Masters and elsewhere, Noah had some other son named Bith who was not immune aboard the Ark, and who attempted to colonise Republic of ireland with 54 persons, just to be wiped out in the Deluge.

Some 9th-century manuscripts of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle assert that Sceafa was the fourth son of Noah, born aboard the Ark, from whom the House of Wessex traced their ancestry; in William of Malmesbury's version of this genealogy (c. 1120), Sceaf is instead fabricated a descendant of Strephius, the fourth son born aboard the Ark (Gesta Regnum Anglorum).

An early Arabic work known equally Kitab al-Magall "Volume of Rolls" (function of Clementine literature) mentions Bouniter, the fourth son of Noah, built-in after the flood, who allegedly invented astronomy and instructed Nimrod.[107] Variants of this story with often like names for Noah'south quaternary son are likewise found in the c. fifth century Ge'ez work Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan (Barvin), the c. sixth century Syriac book Cavern of Treasures (Yonton), the seventh century Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius (Ionitus [108]), the Syriac Book of the Bee 1221 (Yônatôn), the Hebrew Chronicles of Jerahmeel, c. 12th–14th century (Jonithes), and throughout Armenian apocryphal literature, where he is ordinarily referred to as Maniton; likewise as in works by Petrus Comestor c. 1160 (Jonithus), Godfrey of Viterbo 1185 (Ihonitus), Michael the Syrian 1196 (Maniton), Abu al-Makarim c. 1208 (Abu Naiţur); Jacob van Maerlant c. 1270 (Jonitus), and Abraham Zacuto 1504 (Yoniko).

Martin of Opava (c. 1250), later versions of the Mirabilia Urbis Romae, and the Chronicon Bohemorum of Giovanni di Marignola (1355) make Janus (the Roman deity) the fourth son of Noah, who moved to Italy, invented astrology, and instructed Nimrod.

Co-ordinate to the monk Annio da Viterbo (1498), the Hellenistic Babylonian writer Berossus had mentioned thirty children born to Noah after the Deluge, including Macrus, Iapetus Iunior (Iapetus the Younger), Prometheus Priscus (Prometheus the Elderberry), Tuyscon Gygas (Tuyscon the Giant), Crana, Cranus, Granaus, 17 Tytanes (Titans), Araxa Prisca (Araxa the Elder), Regina, Pandora Iunior (Pandora the Younger), Thetis, Oceanus, and Typhoeus. However, Annio's manuscript is widely regarded today as having been a forgery.[109]

Historian William Whiston stated in his book A New Theory of the Globe that Noah, who is to be identified with Fuxi, migrated with his wife and children born afterwards the deluge to Prc, and founded Chinese civilization.[110] [111]

See besides [edit]

  • Expletive of Ham
  • Generations of Adam
  • Genealogies in the Bible
  • Historicity of the Bible
  • List of nations mentioned in the Bible
  • Noah's Ark

References [edit]

  1. ^ Reynolds, Susan (October 1983). "Medieval Origines Gentium and the Customs of the Realm". History. Chichester, W Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. 68 (224): 375–390. doi:ten.1111/j.1468-229X.1983.tb02193.10. JSTOR 24417596.
  2. ^ a b Rogers 2000, p. 1271.
  3. ^ Guido Zernatto and Alfonso Grand. Mistretta (July 1944). "Nation: The History of a Word". The Review of Politics. Cambridge University Press. 6 (3): 351–366. doi:10.1017/s0034670500021331. JSTOR 1404386. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  4. ^ "Biblical Geography," Catholic Encyclopedia: "The ethnographical list in Genesis 10 is a valuable contribution to the knowledge of the old general geography of the East, and its importance can scarcely be overestimated."
  5. ^ Johnson, James William (April 1959). "The Scythian: His Rise and Autumn". Journal of the History of Ideas. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 20 (2): 250–257. doi:x.2307/2707822. JSTOR 2707822.
  6. ^ Blenkinsopp 2011, p. 156.
  7. ^ Saadia Gaon 1984b, p. 180.
  8. ^ Ben Maimon 1956, p. 381 (role 3, ch. 50).
  9. ^ Blenkinsopp 2011, pp. 4 and 155–156.
  10. ^ Towner 2001, p. 102.
  11. ^ Gmirkin 2006, p. 140–141.
  12. ^ Towner 2001, p. 101–102.
  13. ^ Blenkinsopp 2011, p. 156–157.
  14. ^ Brodie 2001, p. 186.
  15. ^ Sadler 2009, p. 123.
  16. ^ Scott 2005, p. 4.
  17. ^ Machiela 2009.
  18. ^ Ruiten 2000.
  19. ^ Alexander 1988, p. 102–103.
  20. ^ Pietersma & Wright 2005, p. xiii.
  21. ^ Scott 2005, p. 25.
  22. ^ Strawn 2000a, p. 1205.
  23. ^ Mungello, David E. (1989). Curious Land: Jesuit Accommodation and the Origins of Sinology. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 179, 336–337. ISBN0-8248-1219-0. there are more references in that book on the early on Jesuits' and others' opinions on Noah's Connection to China
  24. ^ "History: The origin of the Due north American Indians with a faithful description of their manners and customs, both civil and armed services, their religions, languages, wearing apparel, and ornaments: To which is prefixed a brief view of the creation of the world ... Concluding with a copious option of Indian speeches, the antiquities of America, the civilisation of the Mexicans, and some final observations on the origin of the Indians: Introduction".
  25. ^ Shalev, Zur (2003). "Sacred Geography, Antiquarianism and Visual Erudition: Benito Arias Montano and the Maps in the Antwerp Polyglot Bible" (PDF). Imago Mundi. 55: 71. doi:10.1080/0308569032000097495. S2CID 51804916. Retrieved 2017-01-17 .
  26. ^ http://aschmann.net/BibleChronology/Genesis10.pdf
  27. ^ "1770s–1840s: Early ideas".
  28. ^ https://research-data.bris.ac.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland/ws/portalfiles/portal/154991623/Carey_Fraser_240117a.pdf
  29. ^ Strawn 2000b, p. 543.
  30. ^ Blenkinsopp 2011, p. 158.
  31. ^ Thompson 2014, p. 102.
  32. ^ Targum Pseudo-Jonathan (1974)
  33. ^ Josephus 1998, pp. 1.vi.i-4.
  34. ^ Jerusalem Talmud, Megillah i:9 [10a]; Babylonian Talmud, Yoma 10a
  35. ^ Saadia Gaon 1984, pp. 31–34.
  36. ^ Josippon 1971, pp. one–ii.
  37. ^ Abarbanel 1960, pp. 173–174.
  38. ^ According to Josephus, Gomer's descendants settled in Galatia. Co-ordinate to Sozomen; Philostorgius (1855), pp. 431–432, "Upper Galatia and the district lying around the Alps were after chosen Gallia, or Gaul by the Romans." Cf. Babylonian Talmud (Yoma 10a) where information technology associates Gomer with the state of Germania. According to 2nd-century author, Aretaeus of Cappadocia, the Celts were idea to be an adjunct of the Gauls.
  39. ^ His progeny were initially called by the Greeks "Scythians" (Herodotus, Volume IV. 3–7; pp. 203–207), a people that originally inhabited those lands stretching between the Blackness and Aral Seas (S.Eastward. Europe and Asia), although some of which people later went as far east as the Altai Mountains. Abarbanel (1960:173) alleges that Magog was also the progenitor of the Goths, a Germanic race. The Goths have a history of migration where they are known to have settled among other nations, such as amongst the inhabitants of Italy and of France and of Kingdom of spain. See Isidore of Seville (1970:3). The Jerusalem Talmud, Leiden MS. (Megillah one:nine [10a]) uses the word Getae to describe the descendants of Magog. According to Isidore of Seville (2006:197), the Dacians (the ancient people inhabiting Romania - formerly Thrace) were offshoots of the Goths.
  40. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities one.6.1.), Madai's posterity inhabited the country of the Medes, the capital metropolis of which, co-ordinate to Herodotus, was Ecbatana.
  41. ^ According to Josippon (1971:1), the descendants of Javan inhabited Macedonia. Co-ordinate to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.1.), from Javan were derived the Ionians and all the Grecians.
  42. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities one.vi.1), the descendants of Tuval settled in the Iberian Peninsula. Abarbanel (1960:173), citing Josippon, concurs with this view, who adds that, besides Espana, some of his descendants had besides settled in Pisa (of Italy), as well as in France forth the River Seine, and in Britain. The Jerusalem Talmud (Megillah 10a), following the Aramaic Targum, ascribes the descendants of Tuval to the region of Bithynia. Alternatively, Josephus may have been referring to the Caucasian Iberians, the ancestors of modern Georgians.
  43. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.1), Meshech was the father of the ethnic peoples of Cappadocia in Cardinal Anatolia, Turkey, where they had built the city Mazaca. This view is followed by Abarbanel (1960:173), although he seemed to confound Cappadocia with another place past the same name in Greater Armenia, near the Euphrates River. R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32 - annotation 5) opined that the descendants of Meshech had also settled in Khorasan. The Jerusalem Talmud (Megillah 10a), post-obit the Aramaic Targum, ascribes the descendants of Meshech to the region of Moesia.
  44. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities one.6.one) and the Jerusalem Talmud (Megillah 10a), the descendants of Tiras are said to take originally settled in the country of Thrace (Thracians). In the Babylonian Talmud (Yoma 10a), one rabbi holds that some of his descendants settled in Persia, a view held also by R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32). Co-ordinate to Josippon (1971:1), Tiras was the antecedent of the Russian people (perhaps Kievan Rus'), likewise every bit of those peoples who first settled in Bosnia, and in England (perchance referring to the ancient Britons, the Picts, and the Scots – a Celtic race). This opinion seems to be followed by Abarbanel (1960:173) who wrote that Tiras was the ancestor of the Russian people and of the native peoples of England. As for the early Britons and Picts, according to The Saxon Chronicles, they were joined by the Angles and Jutes (Denmark) from the Onetime Saxons. The Jutes had established colonies in Kent and Wight, whilst the Angles had established colonies in Mercia and in all the Northumbria in nigh 449 CE.
  45. ^ The sense hither is to Africa Zeugitana in the due north; Africa Byzacena to its adjacent south (corresponding to eastern Tunisia), and Africa Tripolitania to its adjacent south (respective to southern Tunisia and northwest Great socialist people's libyan arab jamahiriya). All of which were part of the Dioecesis Africae, or Africa propria, in early Roman times. Encounter Leo Africanus (1974), vol. 1, p. 22. Neubauer (1868:400) thought that Afriki in the Aramaic text "should necessarily stand for a country in Asia here. Some scholars want to see Phrygia at that place, others Iberia" (End Quote).
  46. ^ Historians and anthropologists note that the entire region east of the Rhine River was known by the Romans every bit Germania (Germany), or what is transcribed in some sources equally Germani, Germanica. The region, though now settled past a multitude of mixed peoples, was resettled some 4,500 years ago (based on a study presented in 2013 by Professor Alan J. Cooper, from the Australian Center for Ancient Deoxyribonucleic acid, and by fellow co-worker Dr. Wolfgang Haak, who carried out research on early Neolithic skeletons discovered during an excavation in Sweden, and published in the article, "Ancient Europeans Mysteriously Vanished 4,500 Years Ago"); being resettled by a group of peoples comprising the Germanic Tribes, which grouping is largely thought to include the Goths, whether Ostrogoths or Visigoths, the Vandals and the Franks, Burgundians, Alans, Langobards, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Suebi and Alamanni.
  47. ^ Co-ordinate to Pausanias, in his Description of Greece (on Arcadia 8.9.7.), "the Bithynians are by descent Arcadians of Mantineia," that is to say, Grecians by origin; the descendants of Javan.
  48. ^ Considered by many to be the progenitor of the ancient Gauls (the people of Gallia, meaning, from Austria, France and Kingdom of belgium, although this view is not conclusive. According to Saadia Gaon'southward Tafsir (a Judeo-Arabic translation of the Pentateuch), Ashkenaz was the progenitor of the Slavic peoples (Slovenes, etc.). Co-ordinate to Gedaliah ibn Jechia's seminal work, Shalshelet Ha-Kabbalah (p. 219), who cites in the proper noun of Sefer Yuchasin, the descendants of Ashkenaz had also originally settled in what was so chosen Bohemia, which today is the present-day Czech Republic. This view is corroborated by native Czech historian and chronicler Dovid Solomon Ganz (1541–1613), author of a book published in Hebrew, entitled Tzemach Dovid (Part 2, p. 71; 3rd edition pub. in Warsaw, 1878), who, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, writes that the Czech republic was formerly called Bohemia (Latin: Boihaemum). Josephus (Antiquities one.6.1) simply writes for Ashkenaz that he was the progenitor of the people whom the Greeks call Rheginians, a people which Isidore of Seville (2006:193) identified with Sarmatians. Jonathan ben Uzziel, who rendered an Aramaic translation of the Book of Jeremiah in the early 1st-century CE, wrote that Ashkenaz in Jeremiah 51:27 is Hurmini (Jastrow: "probably a province of Armenia"), and Adiabene, suggesting that the descendants of Ashkenaz had also originally settled there.
  49. ^ R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32) in his translation of Genesis 10:iii idea Rifath to exist the progenitor of the Franks, whom he called in Judeo-Standard arabic פרנגה. In contrast, Abarbanel (1960:173), like Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.1), opined that the descendants of Rifath settled in Paphlagonia, a region respective with Cappadocia (Roman province) in Asia Minor. Abarbanel added that some of these people (from Paphlagonia) eventually made their way into Venice, in Italia, while others went to France and to Lesser Britain (Brittany) where they settled forth the Loire river. According to Josippon (1971:1), Rifath was the antecedent of the indigenous peoples of Brittany. The author of the Midrash Rabba (on Genesis Rabba §37) takes a dissimilar view, alleging that the descendants of Rifath settled in Adiabene.
  50. ^ Togarmah is considered by medieval Jewish scholars every bit beingness the progenitor of the original Turks, of whom were the Phrygians, according to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.1). According to R. Judah Halevi in his Kuzari, and according to the book Josippon (book I), Togarmah fathered ten sons, who were these: 1. Kuzar (Khazar; Cusar), actually the seventh son of Togarmah, and whose progeny became known as Khazars. In a letter written by Male monarch Joseph of the Khazar to Hasdai ibn Shaprut, he claimed that he and his people are descended from Japheth, through son Togarmah; two. Pechineg (Pizenaci), the ancestor of a people that settled along the Danube River. Some Pechenegs had too settled along the river Atil (Volga), and likewise on the river Geïch (Ural), having common frontiers with the Khazars and the and so-called Uzes; 3. Elikanos; iv. Bulgar, the ancestor of the early on inhabitants of Bulgaria. These also settled along the lower courses of the Danube River; 5. Ranbina; 6. Turk, perhaps the antecedent of the Phrygians of Asia Minor (Turkey); 7. Buz; 8. Zavokh; 9. Ungar, the antecedent of the early inhabitants of Republic of hungary. These also settled along the Danube River; 10. Dalmatia, the ancestors of the first inhabitants of Croatia. According to R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32 - note 9), some of Togarmah's descendants settled in Tadzhikistan in central Asia. Jonathan ben Uzziel, who rendered an Aramaic translation of the Volume of Ezekiel in the early 1st-century CE, wrote that Togarmah in Ezekiel 27:14 is the province of Germamia (var. Germania), suggesting that his descendants had originally settled at that place. The same view is taken by the author of the Midrash Rabba (Genesis Rabba §37).
  51. ^ Asia, the sense being to Asia Minor. In the linguistic communication employed by State of israel's Sages, this place is always associated with the western part of Turkey, the largest city of which region during the menstruum of Israel's sages being Ephesus, situated on the declension of Ionia, nigh present-day Selçuk, Izmir Province, in due west Turkey (cf. Josephus, Antiquities fourteen.10.eleven).
  52. ^ A name typically associated with the Aeolians, who settled in Ilida (formerly known as Elis) in Greece, and in the regions thereabout. Jonathan ben Uzziel, who rendered an Aramaic translation of the Book of Ezekiel in the early 1st-century CE, wrote that Elisha in Ezekiel 27:7 is the province of Italy, suggesting that his descendants had originally settled there. According to Hebrew Bible exegete, Abarbanel (1960:173), they besides established a large colony in Sicily, whose inhabitants are known every bit Sicilians. Co-ordinate to Josippon (1971:1), Elisha'south descendants had likewise settled in Germany (Almania).
  53. ^ Co-ordinate to Abarbanel (1960:173), the descendants of Tarshish eventually settled in Tuscany and in Lombardy, and made-up parts of the populations of Florence, Milan, and Venice, underscoring the fact that the migration of man and of different ethnic groups is always fluid and ever changing.
  54. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.i), and R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32), Kitim was the father of the indigenous peoples who inhabited the island of Cyprus. Co-ordinate to Josippon (1971:2), Kitim was also the forebear of the Romans who settled along the Tiber river, in the Campus Martius overflowing evidently. Jonathan ben Uzziel, who rendered an Aramaic translation of the Book of Ezekiel in the early 1st-century CE, wrote that the Kitim in Ezekiel 27:6 is the province of Apulia, suggesting that his descendants had originally settled at that place.
  55. ^ According to R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32 - note 13), the descendants of Dodanim settled in Adana, a city in southern Turkey, on the Seyhan River. According to Josippon (1971:2), Dodanim was the forebear of the Croatians and the Slovenians, among other nations. Abarbanel (1960:173) held that the descendants of Dodanim settled the isle of Rhodes.
  56. ^ Now chosen Ilida (in southern Hellenic republic on the Peloponnese).
  57. ^ This place is distinguished past beingness the northwestern office of the Peloponnese peninsula.
  58. ^ Misrayim was the progenitor of the indigenous Egyptians, from whom are descended the Copts. Misrayim'south sons were Ludim, Anamim, Lehabim, Naphtuhim, Pathrusim, Casluhim (out of whom came Philistim), and Caphtorim.
  59. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.2), and Abarbanel (1960:173), Fūṭ is the progenitor of the indigenous peoples of Libya. R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32 - note 15) writes in Judeo-Arabic that Fūṭ's proper noun has been preserved as an eponym in the town called תפת, and which Yosef Qafih thought may accept been the boondocks תוות mentioned by Ibn Battuta, a town in the Sahara bounded past nowadays-day Morocco.
  60. ^ The reference here is to Canaan, who became the father of eleven sons, the descendants of whom leaving the names of their fathers as eponyms in their respective places where they came to settle (e.g. Ṣīdon, Yəḇūsī, etc. See Descendants of Canaan). The children of Canaan had initially settled the regions south of the Taurus Mountains (Amanus) stretching as far as the border of Egypt. During the Israelite's conquest of Canaan under Joshua, some of the Canaanites were expelled and went into North Africa, settling initially in and around Carthage; on this business relationship encounter Epiphanius (1935), p. 77 (75d - §79) and Midrash Rabba (Leviticus Rabba 17:6), where, in the latter case, Joshua is said to have written three letters to the Canaanites, requesting them to either accept leave of the country, or make peace with Israel, or engage Israel in warfare. The Gergesites took get out of the country and were given a state every bit cute as their own in Africa propria. The Tosefta (Shabbat 7 [8]:25) mentions the country in respect to the Amorites who went there.
  61. ^ Not identified. Possibly a region in Great socialist people's libyan arab jamahiriya. Jastrow has suggested that the place may have been an Egyptian eparchy or nomos, probably Heracleotes. The proper noun too appears in Rav Yosef's Aramaic Targum of I Chronicles 1:eight–ff.
  62. ^ Sebā is idea to have left his proper name to the town of Saba, which name, according to Josephus (Antiquities 2.10.2.), was later on changed past Cambyses the Persian to Meroë, later the name of his own sister. Sebā'due south descendants are thought to have originally settled in Meroë, along the banks of the upper Nile River.
  63. ^ According to R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32), this man's descendants are said to have settled in Zawilah, a place explained by medieval traveler Benjamin of Tudela as being "the land of Gana (Fezzan south of Tripoli)," situated at a distance of a 62-solar day caravan-journeying, going westward from Assuan in Egypt, and passing through the corking desert called Sahara. Run across Adler (2014), p. 61). The Arab chronicler and geographer, Ibn Ḥaukal (travelled 943-969 CE), says of Zawilah that it is a place in the eastern part of the Maghreb, adding that "from Kairouan (Tunis) to Zawilah is a journey of one calendar month." Abarbanel (1960:174), like Josephus (Antiquities one.6.2.), explains this strip of country to be inhabited past the Gaetuli, and which place is described by Pliny in his Natural History as being betwixt Libya and a stretch of desert every bit one travels s. The 10th-century Karaite scholar, Yefet ben Ali (p. 114 - folio A), identified "the land of Havilah" in Genesis two:11 with "the land of Zawilah," and which he says is a land "encompassed by the Pishon river," a river which he identified as the Nile River, based on an erroneous, medieval-Arab geographical perspective where the Niger River was thought to be an extension of the Nile River. See Ibn Khaldun (1958:118). In contrast, Yefet ben Ali identified the Gihon River of Genesis 2:thirteen with that of Amu Darya (al-Jiḥān / Jayhon of the Islamic texts), and which river encircled the entire Hindu Kush. Ben Ali's interpretation stands in direct contradiction to Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, where information technology assigns the "land of Havilah" (in Gen. ii:11) to the "land of India."
  64. ^ Co-ordinate to R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32 - annotation 18), Savtah was the forebear of the peoples who originally settled in Zagāwa, a identify thought to be identical with Zaghāwa in the far-western regions of Sudan, and what is also called Wadai. According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.half-dozen.2.), the descendants of Savtah were called by the Grecians "Astaborans," a northeastern Sudanic people.
  65. ^ According to R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32), Savteḫā was the progenitor of the inhabitants of Demas, probably the ancient port metropolis and harbour in Tunisia, mentioned by Pliny, now an extensive ruin along the Barbary Declension called Ras ed-Dimas, located ca. fifteen kilometres (ix.three mi) from the island of Lampedusa, and ca. 200 kilometres (120 mi) southeast of Carthage.
  66. ^ Josephus (Antiquities ane.6.2.) calls the descendants of Dedan "a people of western Aethiopia" and which place "they founded as a colony" (Αἰθιοπικὸν ἔθνος τῶν ἑσπερίων οἰκίσας). R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32 - note 22), in contrast, thought that the children of Dedan came to settle in India.
  67. ^ A identify thought to exist in present-day Sudan.
  68. ^ A place on the sub-continent of Republic of india.
  69. ^ Pliny the Elder, in his Natural History, describes this identify as beingness situate along the banks of the Nile River.
  70. ^ As well known as Byzacium, or what is now called Tunisia.
  71. ^ The medieval Arab geographers gave the name Zinğ or Zinj to the African people who dwell along the Indian Bounding main, such every bit in present-day Kenya, but may also refer to places along the Swahili Declension. Come across Ibn Khaldun (1927:106), who writes in the 14th-century of the Zinğ on this wise: "Ibn-Said enumerates nineteen peoples or tribes of which the black race is fabricated up; Thus, on the East side, on the Indian Ocean, nosotros find the Zendj (sic), a nation which owns the city of Monbeça (Mombasa) and practices idolatry" (End Quote). Ibn Khaldun (1967), p. 123, repeats the aforementioned in his work, The Muqaddimah, placing the people who are called Zinğ along the coast of the Indian Ocean, between Zeila and Mogadishu.
  72. ^ Mauretinos was the forebear of the Black Moors, from whom the region in North Africa bears its name. His name is generally associated with the biblical Raʻamah, and whose posterity were chosen Maurusii by the Greeks. In Tangier (the 1st Mauretania), the Black Moors were already a minority race at the time of Pliny, largely supplanted by the Gaetulians. According to R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32), the descendants of Raʻamah (Mauretinos) were thought to have settled Kakaw, possibly Gao, forth the bend of the Niger River. Alternatively, Saadia Gaon may have been referring to the Gaoga who inhabit a region adjoining on Borno to the west and Nubia to the east. On this place, see Leo Africanus (1974: vol. three, p. 852 - annotation 27).
  73. ^ Mezağ is now El-Jadida in Morocco.
  74. ^ According to R. Saadia Gaon (1984:33 - note 47), the descendants of Elam settled in Khuzestan (Elam), and which, according to Josephus (Antiquities ane.6.4.) were "the ancestors of the ancient Persians."
  75. ^ According to R. Saadia Gaon (1984:33 - note 48), Ashur was the progenitor of the Assyrian race, whose ancestral territory is around Mosul in northern Republic of iraq, virtually the aboriginal city of Nineveh. The aforementioned view was held by Josephus (Antiquities i.half dozen.iv.).
  76. ^ Co-ordinate to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.4.), Arphaxad'southward descendants became known past the Greeks as Chaldeans (Chalybes), who inhabited the region known equally Chaldea, in present-twenty-four hour period Iraq.
  77. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.half-dozen.4.), Lud was the forebear of the Lydians. The Asatir describes the descendants of two of the sons of Shem, viz. Laud (Ld) and Aram, every bit also having settled in a region of Afghanistan formerly known every bit Khorasan (Charassan), but known by the Arabic-speaking peoples of Afrikia (North Africa) as simply "the island" (Arabic: Al-gezirah). (come across: Moses Gaster (ed.), The Asatir: The Samaritan Volume of the "Secrets of Moses", The Royal Asiatic Lodge: London 1927, p. 232)
  78. ^ Co-ordinate to Josephus (Antiquities i.6.4.), Aram was the progenitor of the Syrians, a people who originally settled forth the Euphrates River and, later, all throughout Greater Syrian arab republic. R. Saadia Gaon (1984:33 - note 49), dissenting, idea that Aram was the progenitor of the Armenian people.
  79. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities ane.6.4.), the descendants of Uz founded the cities of Trachonitis and Damascus. R. Saadia Gaon (1984:33 - annotation l) possessed a tradition that Uz'southward descendants as well settled the region in Syria known as Ghouta.
  80. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.half dozen.4.), the descendants of Hul (Ul) founded Armenia. Ishtori Haparchi (2007:88), dissenting, idea that Hul's descendants settled in the region known every bit Hulah, south of Damascus and north of Al-Sanamayn (Ba'al Maon).
  81. ^ Co-ordinate to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.iv.), the descendants of Gether founded Bactria. Josephus is most-likely referring here to the Kushans (of the Pamirs mountain range), who, according to the Chinese historian and geographer Yu Huan (2004: section 5, annotation thirteen), had overrun Bactria and settled there in the late second-century BCE. Prior to this time, the region had been settled by rulers of Greek descent and heritage who had been at that place since Alexander'south conquest ca. 328 BCE. The Bactrians of Kushan descent are known in Chinese equally Da Yuezhi. The erstwhile Bactria (Chinese: Daxia) is thought to have included northern Afghanistan, including Badakhshan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, as far as the region of Termez in the westward. Prior to the arrival of the Yuezhi in Bactria, they had lived in and effectually the area of Xinjiang (Western China) where the kickoff known reference to the Yuezhi was made in ca. 645 BCE past the Chinese Guan Zhong in his work Guanzi ( 管子 , Guanzi Essays: 73: 78: 80: 81). He described the Yúshì 禺氏 (or Niúshì 牛氏 ), as a people from the n-west who supplied jade to the Chinese from the nearby mountains (also known as Yushi) in Gansu (come across: Iaroslav Lebedynsky, Les Saces, ISBN 2-87772-337-2, p. 59).
  82. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities ane.six.4.), the descendants of Mash settled the region known in classical antiquity as Charax Spasini.
  83. ^ Whose posterity were known as the "Hebrews", after the name of their forebear.
  84. ^ From Peleg'south line descended the Israelites, the descendants of Esau, and the Arabian nations (Ishmaelites), among other peoples - all sub-nations.
  85. ^ In the South Arabian tradition, he is today known by the name Qaḥṭān, the progenitor of the Sabaean-Himyarite tribes of South Arabia. See Saadia Gaon (1984:34) and Luzzatto, Due south.D. (1965:56).
  86. ^ Co-ordinate to Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74), Almodad's descendants settled along the "littoral plains," without naming the land.
  87. ^ According to Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983), p. 74, Sheleph's descendants settled along the "coastal plains," without naming the country.
  88. ^ Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74), a place now called in southern Yemen past the name Ḥaḍramawt. Pliny, in his Natural History, mentions this place nether the proper name Chatramotitae.
  89. ^ Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74) calls the place inhabited by Jerah'due south descendants "Ibn Qamar" ("the son of Moon") – an inference to the word "Jerah" (Heb. ירח) which ways "moon," and where he says are now the towns of Dhofar in Republic of yemen, and Qalhāt in Oman, and al-Shiḥr (ash-Shiḥr).
  90. ^ a b Nethanel ben Isaiah 1983, p. 74.
  91. ^ The old appellation given to the urban center of Sana'a in Yemen was Uzal. Uzal's descendants are idea to have settled there. See Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74); Luzzatto, S.D. (1965:56); and see Al-Hamdāni (1938:8, 21), where it was later known nether its Arabic equivalent Azāl.
  92. ^ Co-ordinate to Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74), Diklah's posterity were said to accept founded the city of Beihan.
  93. ^ A place which Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74), calls in Judeo-Arabic אלאעבאל = al-iʻbāl.
  94. ^ Co-ordinate to Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74), Abimael's posterity inhabited the place chosen Al-Jawf.
  95. ^ Pliny, in his Natural History, mentions this place under the name Sabaei.
  96. ^ In Jewish tradition, Ophir is often associated with a place in Bharat, where the descendants of Ophir are thought to take settled. Fourteenth-century biblical commentator, Nathanel ben Isaiah, writes: "And Ophir, and Havilah, and Jobab (Gen. ten:29), these are the tracts of countries in the east, being those of the outset clime" (End Quote), and which commencement clime, according to al-Biruni, the sub-continent of India falls entirely therein. Cf. Josephus, (Antiquities of the Jews 8.6.4., s.v. Aurea Chersonesus). The tenth-century lexicographer, Ben Abraham al-Fasi (1936:46), identified Ophir with Serendip, the sometime Persian proper name for Sri Lanka (aka Ceylon).
  97. ^ Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74) calls the country settled by Havilah'due south posterity as being "a land inhabited in the e". Targum Pseudo-Jonathan ascribes the "land of Havilah" in Genesis two:11 to the "country of India." Josephus (Antiquities one.i.3.), writing on the aforementioned verse, says that "Havilah" is a place in Republic of india, traversed by the Ganges River.
  98. ^ Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74), calls the land settled by Jobab'due south posterity as being "a land inhabited in the east".
  99. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.4. [1.147]), the posterity of Joktan settled all those regions "proceeding from the river Cophen (a tributary of the Indus), inhabiting parts of India (Ἰνδικῆς) and of the adjacent state Seria (Σηρίας)." Of this last country, Isidore of Seville (2006:194) wrote: "The Serians (i.due east. Chinese, or East Asians generally), a nation situated in the far E, were allotted their proper name from their ain urban center. They weave a kind of wool that comes from trees, hence this poesy 'The Serians, unknown in person, but known for their cloth'."
  100. ^ D'Souza (1995), p. 124
  101. ^ Co-ordinate to Eusebius' Onomasticon, subsequently the Hivites were destroyed in Gaza, they were supplanted by people who came there from Cappadocia. See Notley, R.S., et al. (2005), p. 62
  102. ^ Co-ordinate to an ancient Jewish educational activity in Mishnah (Yadayim iv:4), Sennacherib, the rex of Assyria, came up and put all the nations in confusion. Therefore, Judah, a person who thought he was of Ammonite descent, was permitted to ally a daughter of Israel.
  103. ^ A instance study are the Bulgar tribes who, in the 7th-century, migrated to the lower courses of the rivers Danube, Dniester and Dniepr. Being influenced by the Goths, they at one fourth dimension spoke a Germanic language, evidenced by the 4th-century translation of the Wulfila Bible by a small Gothic community in Nicopolis ad Istrum (a place in northern Bulgaria). Subsequently, because of an influx of south Slavs in the region from the 6th century, they adopted a common language on the footing of Slavonic.
  104. ^ A case in point is Bethuel the Aramean ("Syrian") in Gen. 25:20, who was called an "Aramean", non because he was descended from Aram, but because he lived in the land of the Aramaeans (Syrians). So explains Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:121–122).
  105. ^ Babylonian Talmud, Yebamot 62a, RASHI, s.five. חייס; ibid. Baba Bathra 109b. Cf. Maimonides, Mishne Torah (Hil. Nahalot 1:half-dozen).
  106. ^ This was observed equally early equally 1734, in George Auction's Commentary on the Quran.
  107. ^ Klijn, Albertus (1977). Seth: In Jewish, Christian and Gnostic Literature. BRILL. ISBNninety-04-05245-3. , page 54
  108. ^ S.P. Brock notes that the primeval Greek texts of Pseudo-Methodius read Moneton, while the Syriac versions accept Ionţon (Armenian Apocrypha, p. 117)
  109. ^ Gascoigne, Mike. "Travels of Noah into Europe". www.annomundi.com.
  110. ^ Whiston, William (1708). "A New Theory of the Globe: From Its Original, to the Consummation of All Things. Wherein the Creation of the World in Half dozen Days, the Universal Deluge, and the General Conflagration, as Laid Down in the Holy Scriptures, are Shewn to be Perfectly Amusing to Reason and Philosophy. With a Large Introductory Discourse Apropos the Genuine Nature, Stile, and Extent of the Mosaick History of the Creation".
  111. ^ Hutton, Christopher (2008). "Human being multifariousness and the genealogy of languages: Noah as the founding antecedent of the Chinese". Language Sciences. xxx (5): 512–528. doi:10.1016/j.langsci.2007.07.004.

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  • Targum Pseudo-Jonathan (1974). M. Ginsburger (ed.). Pseudo-Jonathan (Thargum Jonathan ben Usiël zum Pentateuch (in Hebrew). Berlin: Southward. Calvary & Co. OCLC 6082732. (Kickoff printed in 1903, Based on British Museum add. 27031)
  • Thompson, Thomas 50. (2014). "Narrative Reiteration and Comparative Literature: Problems in Defining Dependency". In Thompson, Thomas L.; Wajdenbaum, Philippe (eds.). The Bible and Hellenism: Greek Influence on Jewish and Early on Christian Literature. Routledge. ISBN9781317544265.
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  • Yu Huan (2004), "The Peoples of the West", Weilue 魏略, translated by John Due east. Hill (department 5, note 13) (This work, published in 429 CE, is a recension of Yu Huan's Weilue ("Cursory Account of the Wei Dynasty"), the original having now been lost)

External links [edit]

  • Jewish Encyclopedia: Entry for "Genealogy"

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generations_of_Noah

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